Introduction

Morocco, known for its significant phosphate reserves, is also emerging as a key player in the extraction of precious and base metals such as gold and copper. These resources are essential to meet growing global demand, particularly in the context of the energy transition, where copper plays a central role in green technologies, and gold remains a strategic economic asset (World Bank, 2022). This article explores Morocco’s gold and copper extraction strategies, focusing on the geological, technological, and economic approaches adopted by companies such as Managem and Aterian, as well as the implications for sustainable development.

Geological Context and Mineral Resources

Morocco benefits from diverse geology, particularly in the Anti-Atlas region, which hosts copper and gold deposits associated with sedimentary and volcanic formations (World Bank, 2022). Copper deposits, such as those at Tizert and Azrar, exhibit favorable geological characteristics, with sedimentary copper mineralization and high grades (up to 4.01% copper and 2.97 g/t gold for the Azrar project) (Aterian, 2024). Gold deposits, like those operated by Managem in Akka or the Tichka region, are often linked to orogenic or volcanogenic settings.

The National Office of Hydrocarbons and Mines (ONHYM) plays a crucial role in identifying and promoting these resources by granting exploration permits to national and international companies. In 2010, Morocco produced approximately 650 kg of gold and 53,400 tons of copper, contributing to 6% of the national GDP (Michaux, 2011). Since then, recent discoveries, particularly in the Anti-Atlas, have strengthened the country’s mining potential.

Extraction Strategies

1. Geological and Geophysical Exploration : Mining companies such as Managem and Aterian adopt modern approaches to identify deposits. For example, Aterian uses geophysical surveys and reconnaissance drilling campaigns to map mineral anomalies, as seen in the Agdz project (Aterian, 2024). These techniques allow the detection of deposits at shallow depths (as little as 50 meters for some projects) and help reduce exploration costs. Managem, meanwhile, relies on comprehensive geological studies to optimize extraction at Tizert, where a combination of open-pit and underground mining is planned to maximize resource recovery (Managem, 2024).
2. Extraction Technologies : Extraction methods vary depending on the nature of the deposits. For copper, sedimentary deposits such as those at Azrar and Tizert are initially exploited through open-pit mining, which reduces initial costs and speeds up production. Flotation plants are then used to concentrate the ore, achieving high recovery rates (80% for copper and 61% for silver in some cases) (Mining Technology, 2023). For gold, techniques such as cyanide leaching are commonly employed by Managem, notably at the Akka mine, to extract gold from low-grade ores (Managem, 2024).
3. Industrial Integration : A key strategy for Morocco is to transition from producing raw concentrates to developing an integrated industry of finished products. Managem, for example, is building the first copper smelter in North Africa, scheduled to be operational in 2025, to locally add value to extracted copper and reduce dependence on imports (Managem, 2024). This approach fits within a broader vision of developing an industrial ecosystem for electric batteries, where copper plays a crucial role (World Bank, 2022).
4. International Partnerships : Morocco attracts foreign investors thanks to a stable regulatory framework and developed infrastructure. Companies such as Aterian (UK) and Stellar AfricaGold (Canada) collaborate with ONHYM to explore and exploit deposits (ONHYM, 2023). These partnerships promote the transfer of technology and skills, strengthening local capacities.

Economic and Social Impacts

The mining sector makes a significant contribution to the Moroccan economy, representing approximately 6% of GDP and employing over 34,500 people in 2010 (Michaux, 2011). New projects, such as Tizert, are expected to double national copper production by 2026, with an initial capacity of 1,000 tons per day (Managem, 2024). These initiatives create direct and indirect jobs, particularly in rural regions like the Anti-Atlas, and stimulate the development of local infrastructure, such as roads and electrical networks.

However, mining extraction raises social challenges, especially in marginalized areas like Jerada, where mine closures have led to social tensions (Human Rights Watch, 2019). Moroccan authorities respond with reintegration policies, such as training and employment programs by OCP, to maintain social peace.

Environmental Considerations

Gold and copper extraction can have significant environmental impacts, notably water consumption and mining waste management. Companies like CMR incorporate environmental impact assessments in compliance with Moroccan regulations (laws 33-13 and 49-17) to minimize their ecological footprint (Mining Technology, 2023). Additionally, the use of solar energy to power mines, as proposed by CMR, aligns with a sustainability approach (World Bank, 2022).

Future Perspectives

Morocco aims to become a regional hub for critical metals by leveraging its geological resources, proximity to Europe, and regulatory stability (ONHYM, 2023). The growing demand for copper, driven by electrification and green technologies, positions the country as a key supplier. Gold, meanwhile, retains its appeal as a safe-haven asset. To maximize these opportunities, Morocco must continue investing in technological innovation, local skills development, and sustainable mining practices.

Conclusion

Morocco’s gold and copper extraction strategies combine advanced geological exploration, modern technologies, and industrial integration to maximize the value of its mineral resources. Projects such as Tizert and Azrar illustrate the country’s potential to become a major player in the global mining sector. However, the success of these initiatives will depend on Morocco’s ability to balance economic benefits with social and environmental imperatives, while strengthening international partnerships.

Références

Aterian. (2024). Azrar Copper Project Update.

https://www.aterianplc.com/projects/azrar.

Human Rights Watch. (2019). Morocco: Coal Mine Closures in Jerada Spark Protests.
https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/01/15/morocco-coal-mine-closures-jerada-spark-protests
Managem. (2024). Tizert Copper Project and Akka Gold Mine Operations.
https://www.managemgroup.com/en/our-operations
Michaux, C. (2011). Mining Industry in Morocco: Economic and Social Impacts. Journal of African Mining Studies, 12(3), 45-60. Mining Technology. (2023). Morocco’s Mining Sector: Copper and Gold Extraction Advances. https://www.mining-technology.com/features/morocco-mining-sector

ONHYM. (2023). Geological Resources and Mining Potential in Morocco.

https://www.onhym.com/en/mining
World Bank. (2022). The Role of Critical Minerals in Clean Energy Transitions.
https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/extractiveindustries/publication/critical-minerals